apart from; besides; in addition to (used to exclude, as in 除了他，，谁也没来 "apart from him, nobody came", or to include, as in 除了英語，，他也会法语 "in addition to English, he also knows French") · (used to introduce one of two habitual alternatives in the pattern 除了 chú le + A + 就是 jiù shì + B, "either A or B")